Series Episode: Leadership of Hijaz

 Leadership of Hijaz (الإِمَارَةُ بِالْحِيْرَةِ) 

It is a well-known fact that the settlement of Makkah began with Isma'il (A.S.), who lived until the age of 137 years [1] and was the leader of the people of Makkah and the Baitullah Sharif. Served as guardian[2]. After his death, one of his sons became the guardian of Makkah. Some say that both children - first the Nabibat and later the Qaida performed the duties of the guardian of Makkah. Some say the opposite. Then his grandfather Mu'az bin 'Amr Jurhumi took over the administration of the kingdom. Thus the leadership of Makkah passed into the hands of the tribe of Banu Jurhum and it remained in their hands for an era. Since Ismail (A.S.) worked hand in hand with his father in the construction of Baitullah Sharif, his children occupy a special position of dignity. Although they had no share in leadership or power 

Then day after day and year after year passed. But the children of Ishmael (as) remained in the mother's womb. They remained unknown in the society. On the other hand, just before the rise of Bukhtunassar's fame, the power of the Banu Jurhum tribe weakened and the political star of the Adnanis began to shine in the sky of Mecca. This is evidenced by the fact that Zurhumi was not the commander of the Arab army in the fierce battle that Bukhtunsar had with the Arabs at a place called Irakb. Rather, Adnan himself was the commander. 

When Bukhtunassar attacked Mecca again in 587 BC, the Adnanis fled to Yemen. At that time Barkhia, a native of Jeremiah, who was the prophet of the Bani Israel, took Ma'add, son of Adnan, with him to Harran in the country of Syria, and when the influence of Bukhtunssar had ceased, Ma'add returned to Makkah. come After his return to Makkah, he met only one member of the tribe of Jurhum. He was Jawham bin Zalhamah. Ma'add married his daughter Mu'nah. Niyar was born from his womb 

From then on, the condition of the tribe of Jurhum in Makkah became very bad. They have to fall into extreme poverty. As a result, they started harassing pilgrims of Baitullah. They do not hesitate to embezzle money from the Kaaba'ah in Khana. 

Meanwhile the tribe of Banu Adnan secretly kept a keen eye on their activities and became terribly angry and angry with them. Therefore, when the tribe of Banu Khuza'ah camped at Maruz Jahran and noticed that the tribe of Banu Adnan looked upon Banu Jurhum with hatred, they took the opportunity to send an Adnani tribe (Ban. Baqr bin Abde Manaf bin Kinanah) started a war against the Bun Zurhum tribe and drove them out of Makkah and seized power. This incident happened in the middle of the second century AD. 

When the tribe of Banu Jurhum left Makkah, they threw various things into the well of Jama'am and almost filled it. Among the things they threw into the well, there were a number of historical relics. According to the narration of Muhammad bin Ishaq, ``Amr bin Harith bin Mu'adh Zurhumi[7] two deer of the Ka'bah,[8] took out the stone (Hazare Aswad or black stone) growing in the corner. Throw into the well. Then he went to Yemen with his tribe Banu Jurhum. Expulsion from Makkah and the end of their rule there was no end to their sorrow. It is in this context that 'Amar recites the following poem, 

كأن لم يكن بين الحَجُوْن إلى الصَّفَا

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أنيـس ولـم يَسْمُـر بمكـــة سامـــر

بلــى نحــن كــنا أهـلــها فأبـادنـا

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صُرُوْف الليالى والجُدُوْد العَوَاثِر

From Hajun to Safa, there was no one to tell stories in Nishi, why not? We are the inhabitants of it, we are fortunate in the change of time, alas, it has made us proletarians.

The era of Ishmael (as) was approximately two thousand years before the birth of Jesus Christ. As such, the tribe of Jurhum existed in Makkah for about two thousand one hundred years and their reign lasted for about two thousand years. 

 After the establishment of supremacy over Makkah, Bun Khuza'ah managed the administration alone without including Banu Bakr in administrative responsibilities. But in spite of this, Banu Muzar got a share of three particularly notable and prestigious positions. The terms are respectively as follows: 

 1.Taking the Hajis from Arafa to Muzadalefa and issuing written orders to the Hajis to depart from Mina on Yaomun Nafar i.e. the 13th (last day of Zil Hajj). The holder of this honor was Bani Ghaws bin Murrah among the descendants of Ilyas bin Muza, who was called 'Sufah'. The explanation of this status is that on the 13th of Zilhajj until Sufahr is no Pilgrims could not throw pebbles until one man completed the task of throwing pebbles before everyone else. Moreover, when the Hajj pilgrims had completed their pelting and wished to depart from Mina, the people of Sufah would stand on both sides of the 'Aqba Bahr, the only path to Mina, and would not allow others to enter that path until they had all gone. They go After leaving, the way was left for other people. When Sufah left, the honor went to Banu Sa'd bin Zayd Manat, a family of Banu Tamim. 

2. Marching from Muzdalefa to Mina on the morning of the 10th Zil-Hajjab 'for Ifazah' was a sign of great honor under the jurisdiction of the Banu Adwan.

3. Bringing forward or delaying the Haram months was a sign of high honor. The matter of this honor was under the jurisdiction of Banu Fuqaim bin Adi, a branch of the Banu Kinanah tribe.

The authority of the Banu Khuza'ah tribe over Mecca was established for about three hundred years[11]. During this period, the Adnani tribes crossed the borders of Mecca and Hijaz and spread to Najd, Iraq, Bahrain, etc. Only a few branches of Quraysh remained around Mecca. They are, 'Hulul' and 'Serum'. Of course, to say their houses There was nothing like that. They lived scattered and isolated in different neighborhoods. Among the Banu Kinanah tribe they also had a few scattered houses. But they had no share in the administration of Makkah or the guardianship of the Baitullah. At such a time the tribe of Qusai bin Kilab made its debut 

It is said about Qusai that his father died while he was in his mother's arms. Then his mother got married to a man named Rabi'ah bin Haram from the tribe of Banu Uzra. This tribe lived in a region of Sham kingdom. So Qusai's mother went there with Qusai. Qusai returned to Makkah after coming of age. At that time Hulail bin Habshia Khuzayi of the tribe of Khuzayi was the guardian of Makkah. When Qusai Hulail proposed marriage to his daughter Hubba, he accepted and the two became engaged.[13] A few days later, when Hulail fell to his death, a war broke out between Khuza'ah and the Quraish over the guardianship of Makkah and Baitullah. In post-war Mecca, the Qusayrs became Madhyamani. The leadership of Makkah and Baitullah was entrusted to him. 

There are three types of narrations about the causes of the war between Khuja'ah and Quraish. The first of these is that when the sons of Qusayi became very prosperous, wealth was found in their possession and prestige also began to increase, and when Hulail died, Qusayi realized that the administration of Makkah And his claim to the guardianship of the Kaaba is preferable to Banu Khuza'ah and Bakr. He also continued to hold the view that the Quraysh were pure Arabs of Ismaili origin and chieftains of others of Ismaili descent. 

In view of this, he discussed with some of the leading men of Quraysh and Banu Kanna, that why Banu Bakr and Banu Khuza'ah should not be expelled from Makkah? The participants in the discussion agreed with his opinion in this regard 

The second account is that, according to Banu Khuza'ah, Hulail himself bequeathed to Qusai that he would take over the rulership of Makkah and be responsible for the upkeep of the Kaaba. But when Khuza'ah refused to hold Qusai in this honorable position, war between the two became inevitable. 

A third account is that Hulail entrusted the guardianship of Baitullah to his daughter Hubba and appointed Abu Gubshan Khuzayi as his representative. As Hubbar's representative, Abu Gubshan Khuzayyee became the person in charge of the Kaaba. Meanwhile, when Hulail died, Qusai bought the guardianship of the Kaaba from Abu Gibshan in exchange for a bottle of wine. But the Khuja'ah sect is a matter of such buying and selling Qusai continued to obstruct the Baitullah without approval. But Kusai is not a quitter. In order to expel Banu Khuza'ah from Makkah, he gathered Quraysh and Banu Kinanah and appealed for their help. Responding to Qusai's call, they also declared unity. 

Whatever the reason, the way things turned out was that when Hulail died Sufa wanted to do what he had always done. Qusay then took the people of Quraish and Kinanah to the place where they had assembled at 'Aqba Bahr. He said, "We are more qualified than you for the guardianship of the Kaaba and our claim is paramount." 

But they did not listen to Qusai's words and declared war. Qusai defeated them in this battle and established his Ipsit status and rights. Taking advantage of the dispute between Qusai and Sufa, Banu Khuza'ah and Banu Bakr resorted to non-cooperation, and Qusai warned them to be cautious. But this The people of the two clans declared war without paying any attention to his words. Thus, both sides engaged in a bloody conflict. Many people were killed in this war on both sides.  

In view of the heavy loss of life and property, interest was finally observed on both sides to resolve the issue through compromise and both sides agreed to enter into an agreement. For this purpose, a person named "Yamar Bin Awf" of Banu Bakr tribe was nominated as mediator. Reviewing all aspects of the problem, he ruled that the Khuza'ah's authority over the governance of Makkah and the guardianship of the Ka'bah at Khana' was Qusai has more merit than that. He further declared that all the blood shed by Qusai in this war was meaningless and trampled. Moreover, it was decided that the payment of diat for those killed by Khuza'ah and his friend Bakr, and the guardianship of the Ka'ba in Khana' would be Qusayi's without hesitation. 

Must be handed over. Yammer was nicknamed 'Shaddakh' due to the verdict of that trial. 

The literal meaning of the word Shaddakh is "person of inferior rank". 

As a result of this compromise and agreement, Qusai and Quraish gained complete control over Makkah, and Qusai also received the highly respected position of religious leader of Baytalla. As a result, he began to establish relations with people coming from different parts of Arabia for the purpose of visiting the Kaaba in Khana. The Qusaiyid subjugation of Makkah took place in the middle of the fifth century AD, i.e. sometime around 440 AD. 

After attaining the rulership of Makkah, Qusai focused on some reform-oriented activities of governance. He brought the Quraysh living in the vicinity of Makkah to Makkah and divided the entire city between them, assigning places for the people of each tribe to live. But those who used to postpone the month before, like that People from the tribes of Ki al-Safwan, Banu Adwan and Banu Murrah bin Awf were placed in their respective positions. Because, Qusai believed that all these activities are included in religious activities and no change is appropriate in these matters. 

Another notable aspect of Qusayy's reforming activities was that he erected a great nadwa to the north of the Kaaba'ah Haram (its door was towards the mosque). Darun Nadwa was actually the parliament of Quraish where important and noteworthy matters were discussed. It was a very benevolent institution for the Quraysh. Karan, this great Nadwai was a symbol of their unity and it was here that their scattered and contentious issues were settled in a just manner. In the context of Qusai's excellence and team leadership, he got the right to perform the following important duties: 

1. Darun Nadwar presided over the sessions: In all these sessions decisions were taken after consultation about the important issues of the society. Marriages of the daughters of the people of the society were also organized there.

2. Liwa: That is, the battle flag was tied by Qusai's hand.

3. Qiyadah: It is leading the caravan. No caravan to Makkah, whether for business or any other purpose, was set out without the leadership of him or his sons. 

4. Hijab: It means the maintenance of the Kaaba in the house. Qusai himself used to open the door of the Kaaba and perform all the related duties himself.

5. Siqbayah: It means to drink water. There was a beautiful custom of offering water to pilgrims. For this purpose, there was a system of water storage in the reservoir or chowbachcha. A very delicious drink or sherbet was made with plenty of dates and raisins in that water. When the pilgrims arrived in Makkah, he would make them drink that drink 

6. Rifadah: Hospitality of pilgrims. There was also a custom of preparing food for the entertainment and hospitality of the pilgrims. For this purpose Qusai used to levy a certain amount of tribute on the Quraish and collect it. With the help of money collected, food items were prepared to feed all pilgrims who were financially poor or who did not have food items. 

Each of the above activities was a sign of high honor and Qusai was the epitome of them all. Qusai's first son was named Abduddar. But despite this, the second son, Abde Manaf, occupied the seat of honor and leadership during Qusai's lifetime. 

For this reason, Qusai said to his son Abduddar, although some are more dignified than you in terms of honor and leadership, I do not want to put you short in any way. I want you to be their equal in various fields. In view of this assurance, matters of honor were bequeathed in favor of the first son Abduddar under his leadership. did That is, Darun Nadwa bequeathed the right to preside over the session, the right to maintain the Kaaba in the house, the right to carry the war flag, the right to give water to the pilgrims, the responsibility of hospitality to the pilgrims, etc. Qusai was a leader with a great personality. So, no one is ever his There was no opposition and no one ever rejected any of his proposals or decisions. Even after his death it was considered a duty to include religion. That is why the sons obeyed the wills with unhesitating heart even after his death. 

But when Abdemanaf died, his sons began to compete with Abduddar's son for the said positions. As a result, the Quraysh became divided and war between the two factions was likely. But considering the dire consequences, both sides showed restraint and entered into an agreement. As a result of this agreement Issues of leadership and status were divided between the two sides. Siqbayah, Rifadah and Qiyadah were given three titles to Banu Abd Manaf. The presidency of Darunnadwa, Lewa and Hejabat remained in the hands of Banu Abdudar.  Be that as it may, both the tribes shared in the responsibility of Darun Nadwa. The Banu Abde Manaf again drew lotteries among themselves for the positions they had received. As a result Siqbayah and Rifadah fell to Abde Shams. Since then, Hashim continued to lead the Siqbayah and Rifadah and continued until his death. When Hashim died, his His brother Muttalib bin Abde Manaf succeeded him. But after Muttalib, his nephew Abdul Muttalib (who was the grandfather of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)) continued to serve as the head of the post. Even when the era of Islam began, Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib was holding this position. It is said that Qusai distributed the posts among his children. Then their children inherit the posts as mentioned. Allah is All-Knowing. 

Besides this there were a number of other posts which the Quraish divided among themselves. By conducting and managing the activities associated with those positions, the Quraysh introduced a mini-state, rather a state-oriented social structure. The democratic style that is followed in the parliamentary system of governance today is as if the administrative structure and social system of that style and mold were built in Mecca at that time. The terms mentioned earlier are as follows respectively: 

1. Isar: It had a system of ownership of arrows kept next to idols for divination and fortune-telling. Banu Jumah was the ruler of this post.

2. Management of Wealth: This is the management of the Qurbani and Manat or Mansi that were offered to gain proximity to the idol. There was also dispute resolution and litigation Associated with it. The responsibility in this regard was assigned to the 'Banu Saham' tribe. 

3. Shura: The tribe associated with this honor was Banu Asad.

4. Ashnak: The work of this department was to administer fines and fines. Its responsibility was assigned to the tribe of Banu Tayyim.

5. Ukar: Its function was to hold the national flag. Banu Umayya tribe was in charge of this department.

6. Kubbah: This position was very important. The duties and responsibilities of this department were to set up the camp of the soldiers and manage the troops. This responsibility was assigned to Banu Makhyoum tribe.

7. Safarat: The duty of this department was to carry out cleanliness related activities. Its responsible tribe was Banu Adi.