Series: Contemporary Arab states and leadership contexts

 Contemporary Arab states and leadership contexts 

  (الحُكْـمُ وَالْإِمَـارَةُ فِي الْعَـرَبِ )

On the eve of the revelation of the Prophet's call, two types of state governance existed in the Arabian Peninsula.  

1. Crowned Emperor. But they were not really completely independent or free. 

2. Tribal leaders. The status of the crowned emperors was similar to that of other prominent tribal leaders.  But in most cases the special feature they had was that they were completely independent. The empires that were governed by crowned emperors were Shahane Yaman, Shahane Ale Ghassan (Empire) and Shahane Hirah (Iraq). In all other cases there was administration by tribal party leaders. 

2. From 620 BC to 115 AD. 

At that time, their kingdom was called 'Saba Empire'. The 'Saba' emperors abandoned the title of Mokarrab and adopted the honorific title of 'Raja' (King) and declared Mayareb as the capital of the empire instead of 'Sarwah'. The ruins of that city are still visible today 192 km east of the place called 'Sanya'. 

3. From 300 to 115 BC. 

At this time their reign is called 'First Himiyari'. Because the 'Himayar' clan gained dominance over the Sabah state and the Sabah state shrank. Their kingdom was called 'Saba and Ju Raydan'. And they made 'Raydan' the capital instead of Mayareb. Later the name of the capital was changed from 'Raydan' to 'Zifar'. The ruins of this city can still be seen on a round hill near the city of Jearim. From this time the decline of the Saba community began. The Nabateans first established their authority in the northern province of Hijaz and expelled the Saba settlers from there. Moreover, the Rumi's occupation of Egypt, Sham and the northern Hejaz affected their trade by sea. In this way, gradually their business and trade shrinks and finally closes. A Meanwhile, the Kawahtani tribes also got involved in conflicts and quarrels among themselves, leaving their respective places of residence and scattered in different directions. 

(4) From 300 AD to the advent of Islam. 

At this time, their reign was called 'Second Himiyari' and their kingdoms came to be known as 'Saba, Ju Raydan, Hazramaut and Yamanat'. Yemen continues to experience unrest and chaos. Many revolutions and civil wars took place one after the other and this created unwanted opportunities for foreign intervention. Even at this stage, a situation arose as a result of which the independence of Yemen was abolished. On the other hand, the Romans of that era gathered troops on the island of Aden He established dominion over him. Then, taking advantage of the mutual conflict between Himya and Hamdan, the Abyssinians, with the help of the Rumi tribe, established authority over them in 340 AD. This occupation of the Abyssinians lasted until 378 AD. After this, the independence of Yemen A kind of re-establishment took place. But cracks started in the famous dam of Mayarib. As the fissure continued to grow, the dam finally broke in 450 or 451 AD. The failure of this dam caused a terrible flood, which is mentioned in the Qur'an (Sura Saba) as Sayle Arem. As a result of this terrible flood, village after village became desolate and many tribes were scattered in different directions. 

Later, in 523 AD, an accident of a different style occurred again. The Jewish emperor of Yemen, 'Junwas', led a brutal attack on the Christians of Nazran and put great pressure on them to abandon Christianity and convert to Judaism. But as the Christians did not agree to this, 'Junwas' dug several pits and lit fire in them and in those pits. threw the Christians. The final verse of Surah Buruj (‏قُتِلَ أَصْحَابُ الْأُخْدُوْدِ) alludes to this horrific event. 

As a result of this event, the Christians under the leadership of the Roman emperors repeatedly attacked and conquered the cities and towns of the Arabian Peninsula. Encouraged by this, they resolved to wreak vengeance on the Jews, and the Abyssinians were supplied to assist and co-operate in this attack. With the help of the Rumis, the Abyssinians became quite powerful and in 525 AD they conquered Irayat. He marched with a large army of 70,000 soldiers and re-established his rule over Yemen. As governor of Habsha Emperor, Irat continued to manage the administration of Yemen. But a soldier under him named Abraha bin Sabah al-Ashram killed him in 549 AD and established his authority. Discreetly Habash was able to maintain good relations with the Emperor and was happy. It was Abraha who marched towards the Kaaba with a large army of elephants to destroy the Kaaba and was ultimately completely destroyed by the birds of Allah. In the heavenly book Al-Qur'an, this event is famous as 'Ashabe Fiel' (Elephant Army). Allah Ta'ala returned to Sanaya after the elephant incident After arriving, they destroyed him. Then his son Yaksum ascended the throne. Then the second son Masruk reigned. It is said of them both that they were worse than their fathers and of the worst disposition in oppressing and oppressing the people of Yemen. 

After the incident of Ashab elephant, the Yemenis were supported by the Persian Empire. and declared a rebellion against the Abyssinians. The people of Yemen, under the leadership of Saif bin Ju Yazan Himyari's son Madikarab, expelled the Abyssinians from that country and appointed Madi Karak as the emperor as a free and independent community. This was the event of 575 AD.  

After gaining independence and state power, Madikarab employed a number of Habshis in his service and to increase the splendor of the royal court. But due to his indomitable misguided policy, the adage 'raising a snake with a milk banana' becomes a tragic truth. By cheating, those Habashis killed Madikarab one day and stopped the ruling power of Yu Yazan family forever. And the country became a province of the Persian Empire. After that A number of governors of Persian origin successively managed the governance of the province of Yemen. Finally, when the last Persian governor Bazan accepted Islam in 628 AD, Yemen was freed from the tyranny of Persian rule and sheltered under the cool shade of Islamic lifestyle and governance. Inshallah it will continue